![]() ![]() It is a process that begins when (1) an infectious agent or pathogen (2) leaves its reservoir, source, or host through (3) a portal of exit, (4) is conveyed by some mode of transmission, (5) enters the host through an appropriate portal of entry, and (6) infects a susceptible host. We have all seen infections spread through a family, classroom, or office this situation can be described using a concept called the chain of infection (see figure below). difficile causes watery diarrhea it can spread easily and rapidly in the healthcare setting, passing from person to person via clothing, equipment, and dirty hands. difficile has focused new attention in the area of environmental cleaning. difficile is present in about 5% of the population. Clostridium difficile has also become more virulent, and hospital-associated outbreaks are causing increased deaths. Those most at risk are people, especially older adults, who take antibiotics and also get medical care. Clostridium difficile causes diarrhea linked to 14,000 American deaths each year (CDC, 2013). While most types of HAIs are declining, one, caused by the germ Clostridium difficile, remains at historically high levels. Muto and colleagues (2003), in a ground-breaking document for the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, published the SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus. Only one 10 x 20 antibiotic has been approved to date. In 2010 IDSA launched its 10 by 20 Initiative, calling for political leaders, regulators, manufacturers, etc., to work together to create an infrastructure capable of developing 10 new systemic antibiotics by 2020. ![]() The Society has pursued multiple approaches, including legislation, to strengthen federal leadership, public health efforts, research, data collection, surveillance, appropriate use strategies, and efforts to fix the anemic drug pipeline. In 2004 the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) raised the alarm about the dramatic increase in drug-resistant bacteria and the diminishing supply of new antibiotics in its landmark Bad Bugs, No Drugs report. The MRSA organism alone is responsible for more than 94,000 invasive infections and almost 19,000 deaths each year in the United States (Klevens et al., 2007). difficile, and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), among others, have become serious problems in healthcare facilities over the past two decades. The concept of the chain of infection provides the basis for understanding the transmission of pathogens as well as identifying practices and procedures to prevent healthcare-associated infections.įor the purposes of NHSN surveillance in the acute care setting, a healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is a localized or systemic condition resulting from an adverse reaction to the presence of an infectious agent(s) or its toxin(s) that was not present on admission to the acute care facility (CDC, 2014).Īntibiotic-resistant organisms have changed the infection control landscape. It is becoming increasingly clear that transmission of infections in healthcare settings is largely preventable through the use of evidence-based IC guidelines. Modes and mechanisms of transmission of pathogens organisms in the healthcare setting and strategies for prevention and control.
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